Others - Computers and Technology

Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a standard protocol for the transfer of time across the Internet and computer networks. The NTP protocol source code is ‘open source' and can be freely downloaded from th

According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product

e NTP web site. The NTP primary development platform is LINUX but ports to Windows are also available.

This article describes how to debug a NTP server installation after compilation and configuration

; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.

Examples of combination products may in

of the distribution.

NTP Server Debugging

Once the NTP distribution is installed and configured, correct operation needs to be verified. NTP includes a number of tools that can be used to query and

lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.

debug a NTP server. The most widely used tool is ‘ntpq' – the standard NTP query utility. The ‘ntpq' utility can be run on the NTP Server installation or from any other computer on the network. The uti

here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe

ity can be used to inspect NTP Server system variables to verify correct operation.

Using ‘ntpq' – The NTP Query Utility

The ‘ntpq' utility is run from a Linux command prompt. It can be run with a nu

d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.

Combination pro

mber of command line options. The most useful parameter is the ‘-p' option which display NTP server peer variables. Run the ntpq utility with the –p option, thus:

>ntpq –p 192.168.0.1 # where 192

ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc

.168.0.1 is the IP address of the NTP server.

If the ntpq utility is run on the NTP server, the IP address may be omitted. Output similar to the information below may be generated.

remote refi

easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi

st t when poll reach delay offset jitter
=============================================================
*127.127.0.32 .GPS. 1 u 18 64 377 0.000 0.412 0.015
+127.127.0.7 .MSF.

nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically

1 u 18 64 377 1.622 0.546 1.125

This first character on the left margin indicates the synchronisation status of each reference peer in the list. The currently selected reference peer is indic

and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ

ated by an asterisk (‘*'). Additional peers marked with a ‘+' are also used in the computation, while peers marked with any other symbol are not used.

The ‘remote' address corresponds to the server or

ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi

peer entries in the NTP server configuration file. The ‘refid' field indicates the time source utilised by the server. The ‘st' field indicates the stratum, ‘t' indicates type; unicast, multicast or lo

ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.

Following aspects would a

cal. The ‘when' field indicates the time since the reference was last contacted. The ‘poll' field indicates the polling frequency of the reference. The ‘delay' field provides the round-trip delay when

dd to the challenges in developing combination products:

Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod

contacting the reference. The ‘offset' field is the difference between the reference time and the server time. The ‘jitter' field indicates the dispersion of time stamps received from the reference.

I

cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin

n the event of problems synchronising to a reference peer, a four-character status string is entered in the ‘refid' field. The status fields may consist of one of:

ACST - The association belongs to a

tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen

nycast server. AUTH - Server authentication failed.
AUTO - Autokey sequence failed.
BCST - The association belongs to a broadcast server.
CRYP - Cryptographic authentication or identifi

t?

As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel

cation failed. The details should be in the system log file or the cryptostats statistics file, if configured. No further messages will be sent to the server.
DENY - Access denied by remote server

ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.

Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust

. No further messages will be sent to the server.
DROP - Lost peer in symmetric mode. Please wait while the association is restarted.
RSTR - Access denied due to local policy. No further mess

y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products

ges will be sent to the server.
INIT - The association has not yet synchronized for the first time.
MCST - The association belongs to a manycast server.
NKEY - No key found. Either the k

.

As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de

ey was never installed or is not trusted.
RATE - Rate exceeded. The server has temporarily denied access because the client exceeded the rate threshold.
RMOT - Somebody is tinkering with the

elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.

Companies that provide selfless information through particip

association from a remote host running ntpdc. Not to worry unless some rascal has stolen your keys.
STEP - A step change in system time has occurred, but the association has not yet resynchronized

tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products

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